Navigation
Vol 10 (2) 2022

Article

THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH TRAINING ON RUNNING ECONOMY (0.31 Mb, pdf) Read
Authors:
Solonshchikova Victoria Sergeevna
Nabatov Alexey Anatolevich
Nazarenko Andrej Sergeevich
Mavliev Fanis Asgatovich
Keywords:
running economy
strength training
running
endurance
neuromuscular adaptations
bioenergetics
biomechanics of running
Annotation:

The research purpose is to formulate the current understanding of the mechanisms mediating the strength training impact on running economy.

Methods and organization of the research: review of scientific publications using Google Scholar and PubMed databases on keywords and expressions 'endurance' or 'running economy' and 'weight training', 'resistance training', 'strength training' or 'concurrent training'. Reference lists of retrieved studies were also reviewed.

Results and their discussion. The use of strength training programs by athletes specializing in mid- and long-distance running has been associated with increased running economy and improved competitive performance. It has been found that strength training can improve running economy through several mechanisms based on neuromuscular, biomechanical, bioenergetic, metabolic, and structural adaptations. In this review, we discuss them in detail.

Conclusion: most studies consider changes in neuromuscular characteristics as the main mechanism underlying the improvement in running economy that is recorded after strength training. However, the experimental training methods employed in the research studies contained different strength training modes. Consequently, more research is needed to determine which strength training mode can be the most effective in terms of improving running economy. 

Bibliography:
  • Mavliev, F.A. Increasing the anaerobic performance of wrestlers through the use of a specialised training package / F.A. Mavliev, F.R. Zotova, A.S. Nazarenko, E.S. Ivanova, I.G. Gerasimova // Human. Sport. Medicine. – 2022. – Vol. 21, № S2. – P. 79-87. – DOI: 10.14529/hsm21s2.
  • Anderson, T. Biomechanics and running economy / T. Anderson // Sports Medicine. – 1996. – Vol. 22, № 2. – P. 76-89. – DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199622020-00003.
  • Balsalobre-Fernandez, C. Effects of strength training on running economy in highly trained runners: A systematic review with meta-analysis of controlled trials / C. Balsalobre-Fernandez, J. Santos-Concejero, G.V. Grivas // The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. – 2016. – Vol. 30, № 8. – P. 2361-2368. – DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001316.
  • Barnes, K.R. Strategies to improve running economy / K.R. Barnes, A.E. Kilding // Sports Medicine. – 2015. – Vol. 45, № 1. – P. 37-56. – DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0246-y.
  • Beattie, K. The effect of strength training on performance indicators in distance runners / K. Beattie, B.P. Carson, M. Lyons, A. Rossiter, I.C. Kenny // The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. – 2017. – Vol. 31, № 1. – P. 9-23. – DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001464.
  • Berryman, N. Strength Training for Middle- and Long-Distance Performance: A Meta-Analysis / N. Berryman, I. Mujika, D. Arvisais, M. Roubeix, C. Binet, L. Bosquet // The International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. – 2018. – Vol. 13, № 1. – P. 57-63. – DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0032.
  • Conley, D. Running economy and distance running performance of highly trained athletes / D. Conley, G. Krahenbuhl // Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. – 1980. – Vol. 12, № 5. – P. 357-360.
  • Conley, D.L. Following Steve Scott: physiological changes accompanying training / D.L. Conley, G.S. Krahenbuhl, L.E. Burkett // Physician Sportsmed. – 1984. – Vol. 12, № 1. – P. 103-106.
  • Costill, D.L. The relationship between selected physiological variables and distance running performance / D.L. Costill // The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness – 1967. – Vol. 7, № 2. – P. 61-66.
  • Costill, D.L. Fractional utilization of the aerobic capacity during distance running / D.L. Costill, H. Thomason, E. Roberts // Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. – 1973. – Vol. 5, № 4. – P. 248-252.
  • Coyle, E.F. Effects of detraining on responses to submaximal exercise / E.F. Coyle, W.H. Martin, S.A. Bloomfield, O.H. Lowry, J.O. Holloszy // Journal of Applied Physiology. – 1985. – Vol. 59, № 3. – P. 853-859. – DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1985.59.3.853.
  • Daniels, J.T. Physiological characteristics of champion male athletes / J.T. Daniels // Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. – 1974. – Vol. 45, № 4. – P.342-348.
  • Daniels J.T. A physiologist's view of running economy / J. T. A. Daniels // Medicine and science in sports and exercise. – 1985. – Vol. 17, №. 3. – P. 332-338.
  • Daniels, J.T. Running economy of elite male and elite female runners / J.T. Daniels, N. Daniels // Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. – 1992. – Vol. 24, № 4. – P. 483-489.
  • Denadai, B.S. Explosive training and heavy weight training are effective for improving running economy in endurance athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis / B.S. Denadai, R.A. de Aguiar, L.C. de Lima, C.C. Greco, F. Caputo // Sports Medicine. – 2017. – Vol. 47. – P. 545-554. – DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0604-z.
  • Di Prampero, P.E. Energetics of best performances in middle-distance running / P.E. di Prampero, C. Capelli, P. Pagliaro, G. Antonutto, M. Girardis, P. Zamparo, R. G. Soule // Journal of Applied Physiology. – 1993. – Vol. 74, № 5. – P. 2318-2324. – DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1993.74.5.2318.
  • Fletcher, J. R. Running economy from a muscle energetics perspective / J.R. Fletcher, B.R. MacIntosh // Frontiers in physiology. – 2017. – Vol. 8. – P. 433. – DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00433.
  • Hakkinen K. Neuromuscular adaptation during strength-training, aging, detraining, and immobilization / K. Hakkinen // Critical Reviews in Physical Rehabilitation Medicine. – 1994. – Vol. 6. – P. 161-198.
  • Hausswirth, C. Endurance and strength training effects on physiological and muscular parameters during prolonged cycling / C. Hausswirth, S. Argentin, F. Bieuzen, Y. L. Meur, A. Couturier, J. Brisswalter / Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. – 2010. – Vol. 20, №. 2. – P. 330-339. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.04.008.
  • Hayes, P.R. The effect of muscular endurance on running economy / P.R. Hayes, D.N. French, K. Thomas // The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. – 2011. – Vol. 25, № 9. – P. 2464-2469. – DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fb4284.
  • Hill, A. V. Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilization of oxygen / A.V. Hill, H. Lupton // QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. – 1923. – Vol. 62. – P. 135-171.
  • Johnston, R. Strength training in female distance runners: impact on running economy / R. Johnston, T. Quinn, R. Kertzer, N.B. Vroman // The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. – 1997. – Vol. 11, № 4. – P. 224-229.
  • Jones, A. M. The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness / A.M. Jones, H. Carter // Sports Medicine. – 2000. – Vol. 29, № 6. – P. 373-386. – DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001.
  • Jones, A.M. The physiology of the women’s world record holder for the women’s marathon / A.M. Jones // International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. – 2006. – Vol. 1, № 2. – P. 101-115. – DOI:10.1260/174795406777641258.
  • Jones, A.M. Physiological demands of running at 2-hour marathon race pace / A. M. Jones, B. S. Kirby, I. E. Clark, H. M. Rice, E. Fulkerson, L. J. Wylie, D. P. Wilkerson, A. Vanhatalo, B. W. Wilkins // Journal of Applied Physiology. – 2021. – Vol. 130, №. 2. – P. 369-379. – DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00647.2020
  • Kipp, S. Extrapolating metabolic savings in running: implications for performance predictions / S. Kipp, R. Kram, W. Hoogkamer // Frontiers in physiology. – 2019. – Vol. 10. – P. 79. – DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00079.
  • Li, F. Concurrent complex and endurance training for recreational marathon runners: Effects on neuromuscular and running performance / F. Li, G.P. Nassis, Y. Shi, G. Han, X. Zhang, B. Gao, H. Ding // European journal of sport science. – 2021. – Vol. 21, № 9. – P. 1243-1253. – DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1829080.
  • Li, F. Correlation of eccentric strength, reactive strength, and leg stiffness with running economy in well-trained distance runners / F. Li, R.U. Newton, Y. Shi, D. Sutton, H. Ding // The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. – 2021. – Vol. 35, № 6. – P. 1491-1499. – DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003446.
  • Luckin-Baldwin, K.M. Strength Training Improves Exercise Economy in Triathletes During a Simulated Triathlon / K.M. Luckin-Baldwin, C.E. Badenhorst, A.J. Cripps, G.J. Landers, R.J. Merrells, M.K. Bulsara, G.F. Hoyne // The International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. – 2021. – Vol. 16, № 5. – P. 663-673. – DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0170.
  • Mayoralas, F. G. M. Running economy and performance. High and low intensity efforts during training and warm-up. A bibliographic review / F. G. M. Mayoralas, J. F. J. Díaz, D. J. Santos-García, R. B. Castellanos, I. Yustres, J. M. A. González-Rave // Archivos de Medicina del Deporte. – 2018. – Vol. 35. – С. 108-116.
  • Millet, G.P. Effects of concurrent endurance and strength training on running economy and vo2 kinetics / G.P. Millet, B. Jaouen, F. Borrani, R. Candau // Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. – 2002. – Vol. 34, № 8. – P. 1351-1359. – DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200208000-00018.
  • Nishikawa, K. C. Basic science and clinical use of eccentric contractions: history and uncertainties / K.C. Nishikawa, S.L. Lindstedt, P.C. LaStayo // Journal of sport and health science. – 2018. – Vol. 7, № 3. – P. 265-274. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.06.002.
  • Nummela, A. Factors related to top running speed and economy / A. Nummela, T. Keränen, L.O. Mikkelsson // International journal of sports medicine. – 2007. – Vol. 28, № 8. – P. 655-661. – DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-964896.
  • Pollock, M.L. Submaximal and maximal working capacity of elite distance runners. Part I: Cardiorespiratory aspects / M.L. Pollock // Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. – 1977. – Vol. 301, №. 1. – P. 310-322. – DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb38209.x.
  • Saunders, P.U. Physiological measures tracking seasonal changes in peak running speed / P.U. Saunders, A.J. Cox, W.G. Hopkins et al // International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. – 2010. – Vol. 5, № 2. – P. 230-238. – DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.5.2.230.
  • Staron, R.S. Muscle hypertrophy and fast fiber type conversions in heavy resistance-trained women / R.S. Staron, E.S. Malicky, M.J. Leonardi, J.E. Falkel, F.S. Hagerman, G.A. Dudley // European Journal of Applied Physiology. – 1990. – Vol. 60, № 1. – P. 71-79. – DOI: 10.1007/BF00572189.
  • Staron, R. S. Strength and skeletal muscle adaptations in heavy-resistance-trained women after detraining and retraining / R.S. Staron, M.J. Leonardi, D.L. Karapondo, E.S. Malicky, J.E. Falkel, F.S. Hagerman, R.S. Hikida // Journal of Applied Physiology. – 1991. – Vol. 70, № 2. – P. 631-640. – DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.631.
  • Staron, R.S. Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women / R.S. Staron, D.L. Karapondo, W.J. Kraemer, A.C. Fry, S.E. Gordon, J.E. Falkel, F.C. Hagerman, R.S. Hikida // Journal of Applied Physiology – 1994. – Vol. 76, № 3. – P. 1247-1255. – DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1247.
  • Tam, N. The quest to optimize running performance: Running economy and its biomechanical and neuromuscular considerations / N. Tam, J. Santos-Concejero, R. Tucker, R. Lamberts // Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. – 2017. – Vol. 20. – P. 85. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.365.
  • Tam, N. Running economy: neuromuscular and joint-stiffness contributions in trained runners / N. Tam, R. Tucker, J. Santos-Concejero, D. Prins, R.P. Lamberts // International journal of sports physiology and performance. – 2019. – Vol. 14, № 1. – P. 16-22. – DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0151.
  • Tartaruga, M. P. The relationship between running economy and biomechanical variables in distance runners / M.P. Tartaruga, J. Brisswalter,
  • L.A. Peyré-Tartaruga, A.O.V. Ávila, C.L. Alberton, M. Coertjens, E.L. Cadore, C.L. Tiggemann, E.M. Silva, L. F. M. Kruel // Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. – 2012. – Vol. 83, № 3. – P. 367-375. – DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2012.10599870.
  • Vogt, M. Eccentric exercise: mechanisms and effects when used as training regime or training adjunct / M. Vogt, H.H. Hoppeler // Journal of applied Physiology. – 2014. – Vol. 116, № 11. – P. 1446-1454. – DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00146.2013.

See also