APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF INTERVAL HYPOXIC TRAINING IN RECREATIONAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN BOYS AGED 14-15 YEARS

The purpose of the research was to study the influence of the method of interval hypoxic training (IHT) on the indicators of functional and physical fitness of 14-15-year-old boys engaged in swimming.

Methods and organization of the research. 35 people took part in this cross-experiment. The subjects were engaged in recreational physical culture with elements of swimming 3 times a week for 45 minutes. The participants of the experiment were divided into two groups: experimental group «1» and experimental group «2». Both groups were alternately offered to perform interval hypoxic exercises three times a week for 4 months in addition to the standard training load, after which functional and physical fitness was monitored. The indicators of external respiration, resistance to hypoxia, the state of the cardiovascular system and response to standard load (VC, Genchi test, Robinson’s index, Martinet test), as well as indicators of aerobic physical performance and general endurance (Harvard step test, Cooper test) were studied. After performing the Cooper test, capillary blood was taken from the subjects to detect the molar concentration of lactate.

Research results and their discussion. During the experiment, it was found that the use of the method of interval hypoxic training had a positive effect on the indicators of VC (before – 3.48 ± 0.14 l, after – 3.94 ± 0.06 l; before – 3.42 ± 0.13 l , after – 3.85±0.07 l), Genchi tests (before – 34.16±0.97 s, after – 46.98±0.72 s; before – 35.62±0.90 s, after – 39.00±1.14 s), Robinson's index (before – 74.24±1.79 c.u., after – 65.20±4.02 c.u.; before – 67.02±1, 10 c.u., after – 64.96±1.29 c.u.) in both experimental groups, respectively. It can also be argued that the use of interval hypoxic training led to a significant increase in the indicators of the Harvard step test (before – 72.02±1.85 c.u., after – 76.16±2.04 c.u.; before – 74 .52±1.98 c.u., after – 83.29±1.56 c.u.) and the Cooper test (before – 571.15±16.46 m, after – 610.46±15.91 m; before – 582.28 ± 13.67 m, after – 627.10 ± 12.62 m) both in the first and second groups. Significant dynamics towards a decrease in the molar concentration of lactate was revealed only after the use of IHT (before – 8.72±1.01 mmol/l, after – 6.73±0.75 mmol/l; before – 7.58±1.24 mmol /l, 6.94±0.47 mmol/l). The use of only standard training methods had a significantly lesser impact on the functional and physical state of the body (significant improvement in performance was obtained only in EG1 in the Harvard step test, in EG2 – in the Robinson index, and in both groups – in the Cooper test).

Conclusion. The results obtained show the relevance of studying the effect of interval hypoxic training on the indicators of health and preparedness of students.

• Adaptation to breath holding in freedivers / I. E. Zelenkova, N. A. Fudin, Yu. E. Vagin et al. // Sports medicine: science and practice. – 2014. – No. 2. – P. 9-14.2. 
• Zhukova, A. G. Hypoxia induced factor (HIF): structure, functions and genetic polymorphism / A. G. Zhukova, A. S. Kazitskaya, T. G. Sazontova, N. N. Mikhailova // Hygiene and sanitation. – 2019. – No. 98 (7). – P. 723-728.
• Goncharov, A. O. The study of the mechanism of disruption of breath holding in humans / A. O. Goncharov, A. I. Dyachenko, Yu. A. Shulagin, E.S. Ermolaev // Ulyanovsk biomedical journal. – 2016. – No. S4. – P. 23-25.
• Lukyanova, L. D. Signaling mechanisms of hypoxia / L. D. Lukyanova. – M.: Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. – P. 215. 
• Myakinchenko, E. B. Development of local muscular endurance in cyclic sports / E. B. Myakinchenko, V. N. Seluyanov. – M.: TVT Division, 2005. – P. 338. 
• Khitrov, N. K. Adaptation of the heart to hypoxia / N. K. Khitrov, V. S. Paukov. – M.: Medicine. – 1991. – P. 240.
• Bain, A. R. Cerebral oxidative metabolism is decreased with extreme apnoea in humans; impact of hypercapnia / A. R. Bain et al. // The Journal of physiology. – 2016. – 594(18). – P. 5317-5328.
• Bain, A. R. Physiology of static breath holding in elite apneists / A. R. Bain et al. // Experimental physiology. – 2018. – 103(5). – P. 635-651.
• Choi, Y. K. Heme oxygenase metabolites improve astrocytic mitochondrial function via a Ca2+-dependent HIF-1α/ERRα circuit / Y. K. Choi et al. // PLOS one. – 2018. – 13(8).
• Choudhry, H. Advances in hypoxia-inducible factor biology / H. Choudhry, A. L. Harris // Cell metabolism. – 2018. – 27(2). – P. 281-298.
• Connett, R. J. Defining hypoxia: a systems view of VO2, glycolysis, energetics, and intracellular PO2 / R. J. Connett // Journal of applied physiology. – 1990. – 68(3). – P. 833-842.
• de Theije, C. C. Hypoxia impairs adaptation of skeletal muscle protein turnover- and AMPK signaling during fasting-induced muscle atrophy / C. C. de Theije // PLOS one/ – 2018. – 13(9).
• Gnaiger, E. Oxygen conformance of cellular respiration. A perspective of mitochondrial physiology / E. Gnaiger // Advances in experimental medicine and biology. – 2005. – 543. – P. 39-55.
• Ikeda, S. The role of autophagy in death of cardiomyocytes / S. Ikeda et al. // Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology. – 2022. – 165. – P. 1-8.
• Li, J. The Molecular adaptive responses of skeletal muscle to high-intensity exercise / J. Li et al. // Training and Hypoxia. Antioxidants. – 2020. – 9. – P. 656.
• Liu, A. Y. Zhongguo gu shang / A. Y. Liu et al. // China journal of orthopaedics and traumatology. – 2022. – 35(4). – P. 374-378.
• Mankovska, I. Mitochondria as a Target of Intermittent Hypoxia. / I. Mankovska, T. Serebrovskaya // International Journal of Physiology and Pathophysiology. – 2015. – 6. – P. 347-362. 
• Ortiz-Prado, E. Partial pressure of oxygen in the human body: a general review / E. Ortiz-Prado et al. // American journal of blood research. – 2019. – 9(1). – P. 1-14.
• Rieu, M. Blood lactate accumulation in intermittent supramaximal exercise / M. Rieu // European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. – 1985. – 57(2). – P. 235-242.