FEATURES OF TRAINING OF QUALIFIED ATHLETES IN FIVE-A-SIDE BLIND FOOTBALL (B1). EXPERT OPINION

The purpose of the research is to identify the features of training qualified football players in five-a-side blind football (B1) according to a survey of the country's leading coaches.

Methods and organization of the research. In order to identify the features of the sports training of B1 class blind football players (five-a-side blind football), we conducted a survey of coaches who are experts, whose pupils were involved in the training camp of the Russian national blind football team for the 2022-2023 season. A total of 6 coaches of the highest and first qualification categories were interviewed, whose work experience ranged from 5 to 10 years, and two of them have more than 15 years of experience. The coaches are representatives of the regions and cities of Russia, in which five-a-side blind football is developing most actively today.
The questionnaire included 46 questions: closed, semi-closed and open types questions, multiple choice questions and a rating scale. Respondents were asked to rank their responses according to the importance of the features presented.

Results and their discussion. According to the coaches, the leading types of training for blind football players are technical and physical. Sports achievements of highly qualified blind football players are determined mainly by the level of development of their coordination and speed-strength abilities, since the game is characterized by the ability to «jerk» accelerations during the match and hitting the ball. The most significant components of coordination abilities are the ability to orient in space and time; maintain static and dynamic balance; maintain the rhythm of motor actions, intramuscular and intermuscular coordination.

Conclusion. An important component of the sports training of blind football players should be the development of compensatory reactions of the body, aimed at the formation of perceptual-motor functions, expressed in specialized senses of space-time, kinesthetic, etc. In further research, it is necessary to conduct pedagogical testing and a survey of athletes. 

• Botyaev, V. L., Zagrevskii, O. I. [Psychomotor abilities of athletes to visual-spatial orientation and their relationship with visual-spatial perception]. Bulletin of Tomsk State University, 2009, no. 322, pp. 182-185 (in Russ.).
• Evseev, S. P. [Theory and organization of adaptive physical culture]. 2016, P. 616 (in Russ.).
• Lutkova, N. V., Makarov, M. U. [Psychophysiological state of players during attacking actions in game conditions]. Science and Sports: current trends, 2020, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 86-92 (in Russ.).
• Makeeva, V. S., Shaikina, O.E. [Sensory-perceptual and mental processes in female basketball players aged 14-15 years]. Science and Sports: current trends, 2021, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 154-159 (in Russ.).
• Pavlov, I.P. [Physiology of the cerebral hemispheres], 2014, P. 44 (in Russ.).
• Popenko, K. S., Makhov, A.S. [Sports training of highly qualified football players with visual impairment: monograph], 2022, P.224 (in Russ.).
• Order of the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation dated October 3, 2022 No. 795 «On approval of the Federal Standard of sports training in the «Sport of the blind» Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/405568807 (in Russ.).
• Pfisterer, U., Pu. Dhz. [IBSA Guide for Blind Football Coaches: A Beginner's Guide], 2019, P. 29 (in Russ.).
• Makhov, A. S. [V.V.S – book: football for the blind], 2022, P. 104 (in Russ.).
• Tveriakov, I. L. [Generalization of the experience of long-term training of athletes in the sport «sport of the blind» – discipline «swimming»]. Scientific notes of the P.F. Lesgaft University, 2015, no. 8, pp. 179-184 (in Russ.).
• Bredahl A.M. Sitting and watching the others being active: The experienced difficulties in PE when having a disability. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, Volume 30, Issue 1, 2013; Pages 40–58. DOI: 10.1123/apaq.30.1.40.
• Finocchietti S., Gori, M., Souza Oliveira A. Kinematic profile of visually impaired football players during specific sports actions. Scientific reports. 2019 July; 9(1): 10660.
• Gamonales Puerto J. M., Munoz Jimenez J., Leon Guzman, K., Ibanez Godoy S. J. Efficacy of shots on goal in football for the visually impaired. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 2018 Jun; 18(3): 393-409. DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1475194.
• Lieberman L. J., Robinson B. L., Rollheiser H. Youth with visual impairments: Experiences in general physical education. RE: view. 2006 Apr; 38(1): 35-49.
• Loturco I, Nakamura F.Y., Winckler C., Bragança J.R., da Fonseca R.A., Filho J.M., Zaccani W.A., Kobal R., Cal Abad C.C., Kitamura K., Pereira L.A., Franchini E. Strength-power performance of visually impaired Paralympic and Olympic judo athletes from the Brazilian National team: a comparative study. Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2017 Mar; 31(3): 743-749. DOI:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001525.
• Muñoz-Jiménez J., Gámez-Calvo L., Rojas-Valverde D., León K., Gamonales J. M. Analysis of Injuries and Wellness in Blind Athletes during an International Football Competition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 July; 19(14): 8827. DOI: 10.3390/19148827.
• Navarro A. S., Fukujima M. M., Fontes S. V., Matas S. L. D. A., Prado G. F. D. Balance and motor coordination are not fully developed in 7 years old blind children. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2004 Sept; 62 (3a): 654-657. DOI: 10.1590/S0004-282X2004000400016.
• Schedlin H. The academic learning time in physical education of students with visual impairments: An analysis of two students. Insight. 2012; 5(1): 11-22.
• Souza R. P., Alves J. M. V. M., Gorla J. I., Novaes G., Cabral S. I. C., Neves E. B., Nogueira, C. D. Characterization of the intensity of effort of blind athletes from the Brazilian Football 5-A-Side national team. Journal of Health & Biological Sciences. 2016; 4(4): 218-226. DOI: 10.12662/2317-3076jhbs.v4i4.715.p.218-226.2016.
• Torralba M. A., Padullés J. M., Losada J. L., López J. L. Spatiotemporal characteristics of motor actions by blind long jump athletics. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. Volume 3, Issue 1, 2017; Pages e000252. DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000252.