AUDITORY-MOTOR SYNCHRONIZATION IN SPORTS ACTIVITIES

The purpose of the research is to study the interrelationships of the ability to auditory-motor synchronization, internal rhythm perception and the ability to count time intervals with sports performance, as well as to assess the role of music and rhythm in sports activities. The research is based on literature analysis.

Results and discussion. Most studies have shown an advantage of athletes compared to untrained people in the auditory-motor synchronization ability and the ability to count time intervals. The relationship of these abilities with sports is not obvious, since there is convincing evidence that a sense of rhythm is important not only for cyclic sports and sports with musical accompaniment but significantly increases performance in other disciplines (particularly, in archery and martial arts). The inclusion of external rhythmic stimuli or musical accompaniment can increase the stability and automaticity of the movement. It allows to perform optimally and to save physiological and cognitive resources of athletes.

Conclusion. The analysis of studies concerning various aspects of the rhythmic effects, in particular, musical accompaniment, in sports activities has shown that a good internal sense of rhythm and the ability to synchronize their movements with external rhythmic stimuli are associated with faster and better mastering of movements, as well as with greater noise immunity of the athlete.

• Aftimichuk, O. E., Kuznetsova Z. M. The importance of rhythm in the system of professional pedagogical and sports training //Pedagogical-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports. – 2015. – № 2 (35).
• Baidychenko, T. V., Arkhipova E. A., Shakirov R. V. Improving the technical fitness of athletes and  archers / T. V.Baidychenko,E. A. Arkhipova, R. V. Shakirov //Scientific notes of the P. F. Lesgaft University. – 2014. – № 3 (109).
• Bakulev, S. E. et al. Predicting the success of competitive activity of boxers based on their "sense of time" //Scientific notes of the P. F. Lesgaft University. – 2013. – № 9 (103). – P. 23-27.
• Kovaleva, A.V. Physiological basis of perception and the rhythm in neurology // RMJ. – 2018. – №12 (1). – p. 61-65.
• Lyakh, V. I. Coordination ability: diagnostics and development / V. I. Lyakh. - Moscow: TVT Division, 2006 (Moscow: Print Center). – 287 p/
• Roters, T. T. Rhythm in the context of sports-oriented physical education // Spirituality of personality: methodology, theory and practice. - 2011. - No. 1. - pp. 151-159.
• Sizova, T. V. Improving the sense of rhythm and the ability to perform movements according to musical accompaniment in university students engaged in rhythmic gymnastics / T. V. Sizova //Scientific notes of the P. F. Lesgaft University. – 2014. – № 11 (117).
• Smirnova, Yu.V. Regulation of physical exercises by means of musical accompaniment: dis. ... Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences / Smirnova Yu.V. - 2013.  – 253 p.
• Appelbaum L. G., Erickson G. Sports vision training: A review of the state-of-the-art in digital training techniques //International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. – 2018. – Vol. 11. – №. 1. – pp. 160-189, DOI: 10.1080/1750984X.2016.1266376
• Bobin-Bègue A., Droit-Volet S., Provasi J. Young children’s difficulties in switching from rhythm production to temporal interval production (> 1 s) //Frontiers in psychology. – 2014. – Vol. 5. – p. 1346.
• Bood R. J. et al. The power of auditory-motor synchronization in sports: enhancing running performance by coupling cadence with the right beats //PloS one. – 2013. – Т. 8, № 8. – С. e70758
• Broadbent D. P. et al. Perceptual-cognitive skill training and its transfer to expert performance in the field: Future research directions //European journal of sport science. – 2015. – Vol. 15, № 4. – p. 322-331.
• Cahyadi R. A., Mu'mun A., Budiana D. The Effect of Training Model and Tennis Skill Level on Concentration and Groundstroke Skills in Tennis Athletes //COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga. – 2021 – Vol. 13, № 3. – pp. 458-501. https://doi.org/10.26858/cjpko.v13i3.24775
• Castañeda-Babarro A. et al. Effect of listening to music on Wingate anaerobic test performance. A systematic review and meta-analysis //International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. – 2020. – Vol. 17, №12. – p. 4564.
• Corriveau K. H., Goswami U. Rhythmic motor entrainment in children with speech and language impairments: tapping to the beat // Cortex. – 2009. – Vol. 45. № 1. – pp. 119-130.
• Cos I., Girard B., Guigon E. Balancing out dwelling and moving: optimal sensorimotor synchronization //Journal of neurophysiology. – 2015. – Vol. 114, № 1. – p. 146-158.
• Fronso S. et al. Performance optimization in sport: a psychophysiological approach //Motriz: Revista de EducaçãoFísica. – 2017. – Vol. 23. – e1017138 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-6574201700040001
• Fuster J. M. Executive frontal functions // Experimental brain research. – 2000. – Vol. 133, № 1. – Р. 66-70.
• Grahn J. A., Brett M. Rhythm and beat perception in motor areas of the brain // Journal of cognitive neuroscience. – 2007. – Vol. 19., № 5. – p. 893-906.
• Holm L., Ullén F., Madison G. Motor and executive control in repetitive timing of brief intervals // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. – 2013. – Vol. 39, № 2. – p. 365.
• Hutchinson J. C. et al. The influence of asynchronous motivational music on a supramaximal exercise bout //International Journal of Sport Psychology. – 2011. – Vol. 42, №2. – p. 135-148.
• Janzen T. B. et al. Timing skills and expertise: discrete and continuous timed movements among musicians and athletes //Frontiers in psychology. – 2014. – Vol. 5. – p. 1482.
• Karageorghis C. I. et al. Psychophysical and ergogenic effects of synchronous music during treadmill walking //Journal of sport and exercise psychology. – 2009. – Vol. 31. – № 1. – pp. 18-36.
• Karageorghis C. I. et al. The bases expert statement on the use of music in exercise //The Sport and Exercise Scientist. – 2011. – № 28. – pp. 18-19.
• Karageorghis C. I., Priest D. L. Music in the exercise domain: a review and synthesis (Part I) //International review of sport and exercise psychology. – 2012. – Vol. 5, № 1. – pp. 44-66.
• Koechlin E., Summerfield C. An information theoretical approach to prefrontal executive function //Trends in cognitive sciences. – 2007. – Vol. 11, № 6. – pp. 229-235.
• Konoike N. et al. Temporal and motor representation of rhythm in fronto-parietal cortical areas: an fMRI study // PloS one. 2015. – Vol. 10, № 6. – p. e0130120.
• Kotz S. A., Ravignani A., Fitch W. T. The evolution of rhythm processing //Trends in cognitive sciences. – 2018. – Vol. 22, № 10. – pp. 896-910.
• Laborde S., Furley P., Schempp C. The relationship between working memory, reinvestment, and heart rate variability //Physiology & behavior. – 2015. – Vol. 139. – pp. 430-436.
• Lewis P. A., Miall R. C. The precision of temporal judgement: milliseconds, many minutes, and beyond //Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. – 2009. – Vol. 364, № 1525. – pp. 1897-1905.
• MacPherson A. C., Collins D., Obhi S. S. The importance of temporal structure and rhythm for the optimum performance of motor skills: A new focus for practitioners of sport psychology //Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. – 2009. – Vol. 21, № S1. – pp. S48-S61.
• Mann D. T. Y. et al. Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis //Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. – 2007. – Vol. 29, № 4. – pp. 457-478.
• Moffitt T. E. et al. Is adult ADHD a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder? Evidence from a four-decade longitudinal cohort study //American Journal of Psychiatry. – 2015. – Vol. 172, №10. – pp. 967-977.
• Ntomali S. et al. Which factors are influencing artistic swimming performance? //European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science. – 2021. – Vol. 6, №12. – pp.62-75.
• Okuda J. et al. Differential involvement of regions of rostral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 10) in time-and event-based prospective memory // International Journal of Psychophysiology. – 2007. – Vol. 64, № 3. – pp. 233-246.
• Rendi M., Szabo A., Szabó T. Performance enhancement with music in rowing sprint //The Sport Psychologist. – 2008. – Vol. 22, № 2. – pp. 175-182.
• Repp B. H., Su Y. H. Sensorimotor synchronization: a review of recent research (2006-2012) //Psychonomic bulletin & review. – 2013. – Vol. 20, № 3. – pp. 403-452.
• Simons J. S. et al. Differential components of prospective memory?: Evidence from fMRI // Neuropsychologia. – 2006. – Vol. 44, № 8. – pp. 1388-1397.
• Simpson S. D., Karageorghis C. I. The effects of synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance //Journal of sports sciences. – 2006. – Vol. 24, № 10. – pp. 1095-1102.
• Tanir A., Erkut O. Effect of Rhythmic Basketball Lessons on Visual Attention Ability and Lay-Up Skill in School Children Aged 9-10 //Universal Journal of Educational Research. – 2018. – Vol. 6, № 9. – pp. 1857-1862.
• Tate A. R. et al. Effects of bone-conducted music on swimming performance //Journal of strength and conditioning research. – 2012. – Vol. 26, № 4. – p. 982.
• Terry P. C. et al. Effects of music in exercise and sport: A meta-analytic review //Psychological Bulletin. – 2020. – Vol. 146, №2. – p. 91.
• Terry P. C. et al. Effects of synchronous music on treadmill running among elite triathletes //Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. – 2012. – Vol. 15, №1. – pp. 52-57.
• Tierney A. T., Kraus N. The ability to tap to a beat relates to cognitive, linguistic, and perceptual skills // Brain and language. – 2013. – Vol. 124, № 3. – pp. 225-231.
• Vicario C. M. Cognitively controlled timing and executive functions develop in parallel? A glimpse on childhood research //Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience. – 2013. – Vol. 7. – pp. 146.
• Voss M. W. et al. Are expert athletes ‘expert’ in the cognitive laboratory? A meta-analytic review of cognition and sport expertise //Applied cognitive psychology. – 2010. – Vol. 24, № 6. – pp. 812-826.
• Wilson M. R., Wood G., Vine S. J. Anxiety, attentional control, and performance impairment in penalty kicks //Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. – 2009. – Vol. 31, № 6. – pp. 761-775.
• Wollesen B. et al. The effects of cognitive-motor training interventions on executive functions in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis //European Review of Aging and Physical Activity. – 2020. – Vol. 17, №1. – pp. 1-22.
• Wöllner C., Hammerschmidt D. Tapping to hip-hop: Effects of cognitive load, arousal, and musical meter on time experiences //Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. – 2021. – Vol. 83, № 4. – pp. 1552-1561.
• Yin H. Z., Cheng M., Li D. The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is essential in seconds range timing, but not in milliseconds range timing: An investigation with transcranial direct current stimulation //Brain and cognition. – 2019. – Vol. 135. – p. 103568.
• Zachopoulou E. et al. Differentiation of parameters for rhythmic ability among young tennis players, basketball players and swimmers // European Journal of Physical Education. – 2000. – Vol. 5, №2. – pp. 220-230.