Navigation
Vol 11 (S) 2023

Article

PREFERENCE FOR BILATERAL AND UNILATERAL BREATHING OPTIONS WHEN SWIMMING THE CRAWL: RESULTS OF OBSERVATION, SURVEY OF COACHES AND ATHLETES (0.63 Mb, pdf) Read
Authors:
Kopylov Konstantin Vasilyevich
Loginova Maria Andreevna
Keywords:
swimming
bilateral breathing
unilateral breathing
scoliosis
posture disorder
Annotation:

The research purpose is to determine at what age and for what reasons swimmers make a choice in favor of bilateral or unilateral breathing options when swimming the crawl.

Methods and organization of research. To achieve the purpose of the study, the analysis of scientific and methodological literature was carried out, the analysis of video files of swimming competition heats were analyzed. A survey of coaches and athletes was conducted. Statistical data were processed in the SPSS Statistics 23.0 program.

The research results and their discussion. It was found that the majority of swimmers (86.4%) at the stage of initial training learn bilateral breathing in the front crawl. However, during the training activity, the majority of athletes (72%) change the technique to the unilateral version. The average age for changing breathing technique occurs in the age range of 12-13 years (men – 12.5 years [CI: 11.1-13.8 years], women – 12.8 years [CI: 10.9-14.0 years]). The advantages of unilateral breathing from the point of view of athletes and coaches include simplified coordination of movements, the ability to breathe more often, an increase in stroke power and length. The disadvantages were: an asymmetrical load on the muscles, difficulty tracking opponents along the course of the race, reduced stroke efficiency and swimming speed. An analysis of the scientific literature has shown that unilateral breathing leads to an asymmetrical load on the muscles of the arms and torso, which can lead to posture disorders. The authors point out that female representatives are more susceptible to scoliosis. It is necessary to develop strategies for correcting the posture of competitive swimmers, taking into account age characteristics, gender, specialization, volume and intensity of training load.

Conclusion. The results obtained revealed the average age of change in breathing technique in the front crawl method in boys and girls. A number of advantages and disadvantages of the unilateral breathing in the front crawl method were identified.

Bibliography:
  • Vinichenko, S. N. The role of swimming in the system of recreational activities of preschool educational institutions / S. N. Vinichenko, N. K. Perevoshchikova, S. A. Drakina, N. S. Chernykh // MFA. – 2015. – No. 3. – pp. 8-13.
  • Idiopathic scoliosis. All-Russian public organization "Association of traumatologists and orthopedists of Russia" (ATOR) // URL: https://storage .yandexcloud.net/ator/uploads/public/60d/c7e/a3a/60dc7ea3a41d2323469534.pdf.
  • Kopylov K. V., Analytical review of scientific publications in foreign journals on sports training of swimmers in the period from 2018 to 2022. Science and sport: current trends., 2022, vol. 10, no.4, pp. 54-65 (in Russ.) DOI: 10.36028/2308-8826-2022-10-4-54-65.
  • Kuchukova, D. D. The influence of recreational swimming on the functional parameters of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of preschool children / D. D. Kuchukova, O. V. Rezenkova, Yu. A. Filippov, G. V. Avetyan, L. S. Ozieva // Scientific notes of the University named after P. F. Lesgaft. – 2021. – № 4 (194). – pp. 252-257.
  • Markova, O. A. The positive effect of bilateral breathing on swimming technique / O. A. Markova, T. I. Velichko, O. S. Tsyganenko // Scientific notes of the University named after P. F. Lesgaft. – 2022. – № 1 (203). – pp. 228-233.
  • Swimming: Textbook for universities / Under the general editorship of N. J. Bulgakova. — M. : Physical culture and sport, 2001. – 400 p, ill. ISBN5-278-00707-9.
  • Ryazantsev A.I., Grebennikova I.N. Application of the method of interval hypoxic training in recreational physical education in boys aged 14-15 years. Science and sport: current trends, 2023, vol. 11, no. 3, pp 30-38 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.36028/2308-8826-2023-11-3-30-38
  • Petrova, G. S. Physiological aspects of swimmers' adaptation in the process of preparation for competitions / G. S. Petrova, V. I. Volchkova // Science and sport: modern trends. – 2016. – No. 1. – pp. 106-109.
  • Akachi P.M.H. A influência do treinamento competitivo do futsal na postura de atletas entre 9 e 16 anos. Rev Fisioter. 2001;8(2): p.97. 
  • Becker TJ. Scoliosis in swimmers. Clin Sports Med. 1986;5(1): pp. 149-158.
  • Boltz A.J., Robison H.J., Morris S.N., D'Alonzo B.A., Collins C.L., Chandran A. Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Swimming and Diving: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019. J Athl Train 1 July 2021; 56 (7): pp. 719-726., DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-703-20
  • Canan G.A., Ali Ö., Hanife H., Aynur A., Dilek Ö., Yunus emre A. The Prevalence of Scoliosis in Adolescent Swimmers and the Effect of Swimming on Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis., 2019, DOI: 10.5152/tjsm.2020.176.
  • Chandran A., Morris S.N., D'Alonzo B.A., Boltz A.J., Robison H.J., Collins C.L.; Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Swimming and Diving: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019. J Athl Train 1 July 2021; 56 (7): 711-718., DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-724-20.
  • Dezan V.H., Sarraf T.A., Rodacki A.L.F. Aterações posturais, desequilíbrios musculares e lombalgias em atletas de luta olímpica. Rev Bras Ci e Mov. 2004;12(1): 35-8.
  • Feijen S., Struyf T., Kuppens K., Tate A., Struyf F. Prediction of Shoulder Pain in Youth Competitive Swimmers: The Development and Internal Validation of a Prognostic Prediction Model. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021;49(1):154-161., DOI:10.1177/0363546520969913.
  • Gonçalves D.V., Santos A.R.B., Duarte C.R., Matsudo V.K.R. Avaliação postural em praticantes de natação: uma análise critica. Rev Bras Ciênci Mov. 1989;3: pp. 16-23.
  • Kenanidis E.I., Potoupnis M.E., Papavasiliou K.A., Sayegh F.E., Kapetanos G.A. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in athletes: is there a connection? Phys Sportsmed. 2010 Jun;38(2):165-70., DOI: 10.3810/psm.2010.06.1795.
  • Kuprian, W.: Physical Therapy for Sports. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., 1982.
  • Lavoie J., Taylor A. W., Montpetit R.P. Physiological effects of training in elite swimmers as measured by a free Swimming test. J. Sports Med., 21:~1, 1981. 
  • Meliscki G., Monteiro L. Postural evaluation of swimmers and its relation to type of breathing. Fisioterapia em Movimento., 2011, 24. pp. 721-728., DOI: 10.1590/S0103-51502011000400017.
  • Modi H., Srinivasalu S., Smehta S., Yang J.H., Song, H.R., Suh S. Muscle Imbalance in Volleyball Players Initiates Scoliosis in Immature Spines: A Screening Analysis. Asian spine journal., 2008, 2. 38-43. DOI: 10.4184/asj.2008.2.1.38.
  • Neto J. Jr, Pastre C.M., Monteiro H.L. Alterações posturais em atletas brasileiros do sexo masculino que participaram de provas de potência muscular em competições internacionais. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2004; 10(3):195-8.
  • Struyf F., Tate A., Kuppens K., Feijen S., Michener L.A. Musculoskeletal dysfunctions associated with swimmers’ shoulder. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(10):775, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-09684.
  • Tanchev P.I., Dzherov A.D., Parushev A.D., Dikov D.M., Todorov M.B. Scoliosis in rhythmic gymnasts. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Jun 1;25(11):1367-72, DOI: 10.1097/00007632-200006010-00008.
  • Wanivenhaus F., Fox A.J., Chaudhury S., Rodeo S.A. Epidemiology of injuries and prevention strategies in competitive swimmers. Sports Health. 2012;4(3):246, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738112442132.
  • Wojtys E.M., Aashton-Miller J.A., Huston L.J., Moga P.J. The association between athletic training time and the sagittal curvature of the immature spine. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28(4):490-8.
  • Yeater R.A., Martin R.B., White M.K. Tethered swimming forces in the crawl, breast and back strokes and their relationship to competitive performance. J. Biomech., 14:527-537, 1981.
  • Yoma M. Impact of swim training loads on shoulder musculoskeletal physical qualities (PhD Academy Award). Br J Sports Med. 2023 Apr;57(7):435-436., DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105057.
  • Zaina F., Donzelli S., Lusini M., Minnella S., Negrini S. Swimming and spinal deformities: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr. 2015 Jan;166(1):163-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.024.
  • Zwierzchowska A., Gaweł E., Karpinski J., Maszczyk A., Zebrowska A. The effect of swimming on the body posture, range of motion and musculoskeletal pain in elite para and able-bodied swimmers. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation., 2023, 15., DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00734-z.

See also